{"id":13689,"date":"2020-06-06T06:24:21","date_gmt":"2020-06-06T13:24:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vietvalley.wpcomstaging.com\/?p=13689"},"modified":"2021-06-16T20:10:57","modified_gmt":"2021-06-17T03:10:57","slug":"george-floyd-va-nguoi-da-den-o-my","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vietvalley.com\/en\/george-floyd-va-nguoi-da-den-o-my\/","title":{"rendered":"George Floyd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf M\u1ef9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u00ean anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. Anh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ‘fit’ \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00e1i profile ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do n\u00ean c\u00f4ng l\u00ed k\u00ec th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, hay l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud835\udfcf. \ud835\udc06\ud835\udc1e\ud835\udc28\ud835\udc2b\ud835\udc20\ud835\udc1e \ud835\udc05\ud835\udc25\ud835\udc28\ud835\udc32\ud835\udc1d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Anh sanh n\u0103m 1973 \u1edf Fayettville, North Carolina. Nh\u01b0ng anh ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf Texas, theo h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Yates High School, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec l\u00ed do gia \u0111\u00ecnh George b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc. Theo b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, n\u0103m 2009 anh ta b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n 5 n\u0103m t\u00f9 giam v\u00ec t\u00f4i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp (robbery and home invasion), m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 2014, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, George di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Minneapolis v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong khu ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Minneapolis anh ta l\u00e0m 2 vi\u1ec7c: v\u1eeba l\u00e1i xe truck ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ban \u0111\u00eam. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n anh \u1edf nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng cho bi\u1ebft anh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch ch\u00e0o anh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Minneapolis b\u1ecb ‘lockdown’ v\u00e0 anh ta m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i George l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch V\u0169 H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f4m th\u1ee9 Hai (25\/5\/2020), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7m ch\u1ea1p ph\u00f4 (Minneapolis) g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng George d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 (20 \u0111\u00f4la). C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f2ng tay anh ta, \u0111\u00e8 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. George b\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Derek Chauvin d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e8 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a George l\u00e0m \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00ed do g\u00ec m\u00e0 vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3. George \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf v\u00e0o b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng anh qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 George Floyd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Sau khi ra t\u00f9, anh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n, gi\u00fap c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f9ng s\u00fang. Anh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu, r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng con g\u00e1i 6 tu\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 \u1edf Houston (Texas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Floyd d\u1ea5y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Minneapolis lan sang nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u00f4i c\u1ee7a. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u video v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tham gia bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 da tr\u1eafng, x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eadp c\u1eeda k\u00ednh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7m b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1 h\u00e0ng m\u1eafc ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a George Floyd. N\u1ebfu c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eafc anh ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud835\udfd0. \ud835\udc0d\ud835\udc20\ud835\udc2e\u031b\ud835\udc28\u031b\u0300\ud835\udc22 \ud835\udc1d\ud835\udc1a \u0111\ud835\udc1e\ud835\udc27 \ud835\udc28\u031b\u0309 \ud835\udc0c\u1ef9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 300 (hay 400) n\u0103m. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u00ec th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 17 v\u00e0 18 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn cai tr\u1ecb da tr\u1eafng b\u1eaft c\u00f3c t\u1eeb Phi Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u1edf sang M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 nh\u1edd tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m. Ngay trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, trong gi\u1edbi y khoa ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m (m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c) tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i t\u00e0y tr\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t xa. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed nh\u00ecn qua v\u00e0i con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(a) D\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea census 2016, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 41.4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (g\u1ed1c Phi Ch\u00e2u), chi\u1ebfm 12.7% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(b) Thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh da \u0111en l\u00e0 35400 USD, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n 40% so so v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 60250 USD [2]. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9 ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 26%, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 10%. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 9.2%, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 4.4% (s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(c) Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u census 2000, 72% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en tu\u1ed5i 25+ t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc, trong khi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 84%. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 14% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u00ean, so v\u1edbi 26% \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 44% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 ch\u00e2u [3].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(d) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u0169ng th\u1ea5p xa so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2018 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m SAT (m\u00f4n to\u00e1n) trung b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: M\u1ef9 da \u0111en 463, M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng 557, \u00c1 ch\u00e2u 635. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m SAT m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng v\u1eady: h\u1ecdc sinh da \u0111en c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p (483), so v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 ch\u00e2u (588), da tr\u1eafng (566), v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Latino (501) [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(e) T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. N\u0103m 2014, c\u00f3 6.8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam trong t\u00f9; trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 2.3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (34%) [5]. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 12.7% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(f) T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft giam. C\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea C\u00f4ng l\u00ed (Bureau of Justice Statistics) cho bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 38% ”d\u00e2n s\u1ed1” t\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u1eebng 7 tri\u1ec7u), k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng (35%), v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hispanics (21%). T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 141 (t\u00ednh tr\u00ean 10,000 d\u00e2n), c\u00f2n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 27.5. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb giam cao g\u1ea5p 5 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(g) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng cao g\u1ea5p 50 l\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 1013 t\u00ednh tr\u00ean 10,000 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cao 57.5 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (17.6) [7].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u00ean (d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7) nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ‘v\u1ebd’ m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf M\u1ef9. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng qu\u00e1 xa. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf M\u1ef9 300 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud835\udfd1. \ud835\udc0d\ud835\udc20\ud835\udc2e\u031b\ud835\udc28\u031b\u0300\ud835\udc22 \ud835\udc1d\ud835\udc1a \u0111\ud835\udc1e\ud835\udc27 \ud835\udc2f\ud835\udc1a\u0300 \ud835\udc1c\ud835\udc28\u0302\ud835\udc27\ud835\udc20 \ud835\udc25\ud835\udc22\u0301 \ud835\udc0c\u1ef9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng da \u0111en, nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng g\u00e2y n\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Victimology”, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “N\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc”, cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a k\u00ec th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng; r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0103n n\u0103n, h\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng (v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9). M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00ed M\u1ef9 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho l\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00ed M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u00ec th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n k\u00ec th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (n\u0103m 1993) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 ma tu\u00fd, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan n\u00e0o. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c b\u00e1n ra, ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng. Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u00ec th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ngu\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng? N\u0103m 1994, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stanley Rothman v\u00e0 Stephen Powers \u0111i\u1ec3m qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau 1972 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng. T\u00ednh t\u1eeb 1976 \u0111\u1ebfn 1993, c\u00f3 2716 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ch\u1edd t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, 36% trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en; v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 226 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, 38% l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980s l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n ma tu\u00fd l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u2026 c\u1ea7m t\u00f9. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00e1c: n\u0103m 1980, g\u1ea7n 47% t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 ti\u1ec3u bang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u00e0 34% t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 li\u00ean bang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau (1990), ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en chi\u1ebfm 49% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 31% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 li\u00ean bang. Th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb giam trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 25 th\u00e1ng, so v\u1edbi 24 th\u00e1ng \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a RAND n\u0103m 1991 v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m tr\u00ean 14 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1t. N\u0103m 1995, nh\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u1ecdc Patrick Langan ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a 42,500 b\u1ecb c\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c 75 qu\u1eadn h\u1ea1t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c (da \u0111en) v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1t (\u201cno evidence that, in the places where blacks in the United States have most of their contacts with the justice system, that system treats them more harshly than whites.\u201d) M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u00ec th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng [8].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 cha anh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. K\u00ec th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi phi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. C\u00f2n s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, quan ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh g\u1ed1c da \u0111en th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\ud835\udfd2. \ud835\udc0c\ud835\udc28\u0323\u0302\ud835\udc2d \ud835\udc2d\ud835\udc21\ud835\udc28\ud835\udc1a\u0301\ud835\udc27\ud835\udc20 \ud835\udc2f\ud835\udc28\u031b\u0301\ud835\udc22 \ud835\udc1c\ud835\udc28\u0323\u0302\ud835\udc27\ud835\udc20 \u0111\ud835\udc28\u0302\u0300\ud835\udc27\ud835\udc20 \ud835\udc27\ud835\udc20\ud835\udc2e\u031b\ud835\udc28\u031b\u0300\ud835\udc22 \ud835\udc1d\ud835\udc1a \u0111\ud835\udc1e\ud835\udc27<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 ch\u00fat tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Khi t\u00f4i m\u1edbi sang M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i m\u01b0\u1edbn nh\u00e0, m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khuy\u00ean t\u00f4i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean, v\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u00f3i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau t\u00f4i m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y. N\u01a1i t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch khu ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 2 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eddi \u01a1i, kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c. Khu ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng th\u00ec s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda t\u01b0\u01a1m t\u1ea5t, b\u00e3i c\u1ecf xanh r\u00ec, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khu v\u1ef1c ‘c\u1ee7a’ ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en th\u00ec r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 b\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb xa c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y tin v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, m\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t hay t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00ec th\u1ecb, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an ninh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n t\u00f4i \u0111i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u00ean M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh khan hi\u1ebfm kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1edf Baltimore, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n khu ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. T\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ngang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u2026 xin thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1! Ngay ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gh\u00e9 qua Atlanta, n\u01a1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Baltimore kh\u01a1i d\u1eady. Hai anh em t\u00f4i (t\u00f4i v\u00e0 Th\u1ea1ch) m\u1ed7i khi \u0111i t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n ngang qua c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Th\u1eadt ra, ngay \u1edf tr\u1ea1m xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh xa khu v\u1ef1c “nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m”, hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i nghi\u1ec7m ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng. V\u00e0, c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n lu\u1eabn qu\u1eabn: ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00ed M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en n\u00ean nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u01b0u ti\u00ean, m\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 xa? Ch\u00ednh Martin Luther King t\u1eebng khuy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en n\u00ean t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u00f4ng n\u00f3i “we\u2019ve got to do something about our moral standards. We know that there are many things wrong in the white world, but there are many things wrong in the black world too.”) King k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng [v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd] (“We can\u2019t keep on blaming the white man. There are things we must do for ourselves”).
______________<\/p>\n\n\n\n